“There is Another Sky”

There is another sky’ uses aspects of Shakespearean and Petrarchan sonnets in order to craft an original sonnet form that does not conform strictly to either pattern. It was one of her earlier poems. Through this poem, Dickinson addresses her brother William Austin Dickinson. She presents two worlds, one is the real world to which the poet and her brother belong.

The other one is an imaginative place where both of them take refuge to escape the pangs of contemporary times. The main theme of this piece is the everlasting quality of poetry or art in general. Dickinson addresses this theme and others, such as time, aging, and change, within the fourteen lines of this sonnet. 

 Emily Dickinson speaks directly to her brother, Austin. She tells him that there is “another sky” to convince him to come back from Boston to Amherst. Contextually progressing, she tells her brother stories of “home”. The first line of the poem itself “There is another sky” is a metaphor towards expressing “There is another place for you”.

As per the context, Amherst is just another geographical location yet in her poem, it begets a celestial depiction comparable with the “Garden of Eden” where sunshine never fades and leaves are always green.

She wanted to portray the idea of home as something special. No matter what changes around home, home will always be home. Emily, being the loving sister, wanted her brother to know that in Boston there might be darkness and the flowers may wither, but “here” there is always sunshine and the flowers are forever blooming in her garden. “Here”, as per context, means Amherst or their home, however, it could also mean her being the heart of their home.

The writer expresses the unorthodox amount of love she has towards her brother in this poem, and because she loved him, she wanted him to be happy and this garden of hers serves that very purpose. Austin might be living very jolly but there are bound to be sad moments. Emily loves him so much that she wants even those sad moments to completely disappear. Living under a light that never fades is just her way of expressing her undying love for him.

The poem ends with “Into my garden come!” sending out an invitation to her brother and reminding that their home will always be his home. However, the nature of the poem allows it to be interpreted in another manner where Emily is describing herself to her brother. But, regardless of interpretation, it is still an invitation sent to her brother, Austin, to come back home

The lines are short, only 3 to 5 metric feet, and with Dickinson’s characteristic slant rhyme, the rhyme scheme is rough, ABCBCDECFCGHIH. This innovative sonnet sections itself into two quatrains and a sestet, making it a gentle melding of the English and Italian sonnets.

🔸 *Speech Writing.*🔸

*Speech on* 

🌹🌹🌹🌹 *Children's Day, 14th November*🌹🌹🌹

A very good morning to one and all.Honourable Chairperson,the Principal of our college Mr /Mrs......, my colleagues and my dear students.Today,we have gathered here to celebrate the birth anniversary of our first Prime Minister,Pt.Jawaharlal Nehru.

        Friends,every citizen of our country is aware of Pt.Nehru and his achievements.He was quiet famous among children.That's why children called him *Chacha Nehru*. Because of his love for children,the government celebrate his birthday as *Children's Day*.Friends, Can you tell me why he always pinned the rose to his coat?Yes,he pinned the rose in memory of his wife Kamala Nehru who died in 1938 after a prolonged illness. 

        Well ,Pt.Nehru was born on 14th November 1889 in Allahabad.His father Pt.Motilal Nehru was a lawyer by occupation.His mother's name was Swarup Rani.He was rich enough to get the best education.He received his early education at home under private tutors.Later on he was sent abroad for studies at the  age of15. In England he got his education from two universities ,namely *Cambridge and Harrow*.After getting the degree, he started his legal practice in Allahabad High court.He married to Smt. Kamala Devi at the age of 24.Friends,

   Well,he was interested in politics.He was a man of peace but when he saw how the Britishers treated Indians,he decided to join the freedom movement.He shook hands with Mahatma Gandhi,the father of the nation and joined the non -cooperation movement. During the freedom struggle,he faced many challenges.He was imprisoned numerous times.When he was in Almora jail,he completed his autobiography named *Towards Freedom* on 14th February 1935.He also wrote the book entitled *Discovery Of India* .He wrote 30 letters to his daughter,Indira Gandhi.All those letters were printed as a book under the title *Letters From A Father To His Daughter* Friends,it shows that he was a great writer.

    He was presided over the  historic session at Lahore (Now it is in Pakistan) where he proclaimed complete Independence as  India's goal.After becoming the first Prime Minister of India,he had played a significant role in the establishment of modern India.He developed his *Panchsheel Tatwe* from Buddist thoughts.He based India's Foreign Policy on these five priciples.

 Friends,on seeing the work of Pt Nehru,we come to know that he was a man of inordinary vision.He was a great leader, politician,writer,orator,and freedom fighter.He is known as an *Architect of India*.He always worked hard for day and night for the betterment of the country and its people.Most noteworthy,he gave the slogan *Aram Haram Hai* which simply means *Rest Is Not Best*.

   We should also keep this slogan in our mind and work hard for achieving our goals and  serve the motherland like him. *You*,Childern are tomorrow's future of the nation.You have hidden  talent and creativity. Rastrasant Tukodoji Maharaj says *,"या कोवळ्या कळ्यामाजी | लपले ज्ञानेश्वर, रवींद्र, शिवाजी | विकसता प्रगटील समाजी | शेकडो महापुरुष |"* It means many great personalities are hidden inside you, *children*.Only you need proper guidance and nourishment.Friends, I hope you understand the importance of this day very well.So,follow the principles of such great leader and develop yourselves as well as do something great for the betterment of our motherland. 

 I conclude the speech by paying my humble tribute to this great son of India.

Thank you.

Jai Hind!

🙏🙏🌹🌹

Title - The sower

Poet - Toru Dutt (from French to English)

  Theme - The poem describes a dedicated farmer who is striving hard tirelessly with huge expectations of having a good harvest. The farmer shows true perseption in his assessment of scattering the precious grains in the farm. He has seen many bad harvests in his life, still he is hopeful and optimistic about his success. He is looking forward to see good harvest in coming days.

 • Poetic style, language, poetic devices used in the poem -  The post has used various figure of speeches in the poem, 

1. Personification

2. Alliteration

3. Inversion

• Special features - This is an allegorical poem, in which the sower - character respreseming the qualities like dedication, perseverance.

Message/values/morals in the poem - We must look forward with optimism, one should have a powerful enough mind, positive attitude, strong determination and spirit.

 • Your opinion about the poem - It is very realistic poem, even I come from a farmers family I can feel the pain of bad harvests. Be optimistic is what we learn from this very good poem.

Sign of four - Characters

Sign of four

Characters

Dr. Watson is the narrator of the story and Sherlock Holmes’ loyal assistant. He is a doctor by profession and has a background as a surgeon in the British Army. Over the course of the novella, Watson falls in love with Miss Morstan, finally asking her to marry him. Watson aids Holmes throughout the story, though the major breakthroughs in the case are always the result of Holmes’ brilliant mind. Watson functions as a kind of counterpart to Holmes; the detective frequently uses him as a sounding board for his ideas, and in his inability to see problems as clearly as Holmes, Watson is representative of the general reader. That is, Watson is a kind of everyman figure of decent—but not Holmes’ level—intelligence. Watson is more emotional than Holmes and is frequently concerned for the latter’s wellbeing, especially when it comes to Holmes’ drug use. But Watson is in awe of Holmes’ abilities, which is why he decides to preserve them for posterity by writing them down. In his powers of observation about the more emotional side of life, Watson actually possesses something that Holmes lacks—an ability to understand people and the way that they feel.

Sherlock Holmes, the story’s protagonist, is the infamous detective and occupant of 221b Baker Street. He has a supreme, almost superhuman intelligence that allows him to solve difficult cases. This intelligence is based on his deeply held belief in the power of rationalism—essentially, any problem is solvable if looked at clearly and logically enough. Holmes’ mindset is distinctively Victorian, showing an affiliation with the ideas of Charles Darwin and encompassing certain elements of outdated pseudoscience that results in a discomforting belief in the superiority of white people over other races. Because of Holmes’ intellectual and deductive abilities, Miss Morstanasks him to help her solve the case of her missing father, Captain Morstan, which subsequently draws in the mystery of the Agra treasure too. Likewise, Athelney Jones, the Scotland Yard detective, is fully aware of Holmes’ abilities and relies upon him for help in his own work (though doesn’t always give Holmes the credit he deserves). Holmes, for his part, takes on cases for the thrill of it—not because he wants fame or fortune. This thrill-seeking also contributes to the darker side of Holmes’ character: his drug-taking. Holmes’ mind needs stimulation and, when he doesn’t have a case to work, he turns to cocaine, which greatly concerns his assistant, Dr. Watson. Ultimately, the entire novella functions at the pace of Holmes’ thoughts. When Holmes is stuck on an aspect of the case, the action slows to a halt; when he has a breakthrough, the action picks up again.

Miss Morstan comes to Sherlock Holmes to see if he can help her find out what happened to her father, Captain Morstan, who disappeared a few years previously. She has also been receiving a pearl once a year in the post and been told to go to London’s Lyceum Theater in the evening of the day she comes to see Holmes. She therefore acts as the catalyst for the entire story, providing Holmes with a much-needed problem to solve. She is generally portrayed as quite passive, but is also virtuous, especially in her apparent lack of concern about her share of the Agra treasure (she is more interested in knowing what has happened to her father). Over the course of the novella, Miss Morstan falls in love with Dr. John Watson; at the end, she agrees to marry him. She lives  Mrs. Forrester, serving as her governess. She is described as beautiful and is around twenty-seven years old.

Athelney Jones is the hapless detective from Scotland Yard, the official police agency. He is described as a fat and bumbling man and is in a position of high authority. He functions as a counter-example to Sherlock Holmes’ genius, frequently coming up with the wrong theories about the case and even arresting the wrong man (Thaddeus Sholto). Ultimately, Jones knows Holmes is superior to him in intellect and resorts to asking for help from the great detective. Jones is happy to take credit for Holmes’ work, though does also express his gratitude for the assistance.

Jonathan Small is the wooden-legged man who seeks vengeance on Major Sholto for the theft of the Agra treasure. He is one of “the four” original men who acquired the treasure. He has lived a tough life, having lost his leg to a crocodile while serving as a soldier in India for the British Army. While guarding the Agra fortress during the Indian Mutiny, Small was brought in on a plan to acquire the treasure with Abdullah Khan and Mahomet Singh, who were guards under his command (the fourth man, Dost Akbar, was the foster brother of Abdullah Khan). Small was sent to a penal colony on the Andaman Islands for his role in the killing of the merchant who had possession of the Agra treasure. On the islands, Small met Captain Morstan and Major Sholto, letting them in on the secret about the treasure in exchange for help with his escape. Sholto, however, double-crossed the others and fled to England with the treasure. Small managed to escape the Andaman Islands with his companion, Tonga, and searched for Sholto, eventually managing to recover the treasure from Pondicherry Lodge, the Sholto family home. His victory doesn’t last long, however, as Holmes soon catches up with him and brings about his imprisonment. Small scatters the jewels of the Agra treasure into the Thames to prevent anyone else from enjoying their riches.

Tonga is a native of the Andaman Islands who was aided by Jonathan Small when suffering from ill health. This made him feel a sense of loyalty towards Small, which explains why he accompanies him in attempting to recover the Agra treasure. Tonga’s portrayal in the book is extremely problematic: he is described as a savage “black cannibal,” painted more as an animal than a human being. He thus represents the deep racial prejudices of the Victorian era. Tonga uses poisonous blow darts as a weapon, killing Bartholomew Sholto with one and almost hitting Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson too. Tonga dies when Holmes and Watson shoot him during the boat chase. Notably, Tonga isz given no dialogue at all throughout the entire novella, again reflecting the racial prejudice that his character embodies.

Thaddeus Sholto is one of Major Sholto’s sons, brother to Bartholomew Sholto. He is an eccentric character with an anxious manner. Thaddeus is the one who decides to contact Miss Morstan, feeling that she has been treated unfairly and deserves her share of the Agra treasure (a view also expressed by Major Sholto on his deathbed). Thaddeus has been sending pearls each year to Miss Morstan and it is him who contacts her to try and reunite her with her share of the riches. According to Thaddeus, his brother would have preferred to cut out Miss Morstan altogether.

Thaddeus Sholto is one of Major Sholto’s sons, brother to Bartholomew Sholto. He is an eccentric character with an anxious manner. Thaddeus is the one who decides to contact Miss Morstan, feeling that she has been treated unfairly and deserves her share of the Agra treasure (a view also expressed by Major Sholto on his deathbed). Thaddeus has been sending pearls each year to Miss Morstan and it is him who contacts her to try and reunite her with ex share of the riches. According to Thaddeus, his brother would have preferred to cut out Miss Morstan altogether.

Bartholomew Sholto is one of Major Sholto’s sons and lives at the family home, Pondicherry Lodge. Thaddeus Sholto, Bartholomew’s brother, takes Sherlock Holmes, Dr. Watson and Miss Morstan to Bartholomew with the intention of dividing up the Agra treasure. It transpires, however, that Bartholomew has been killed by a poisonous blow dart. His face is locked in a frozen grimace when he is discovered. Bartholomew differs from Thaddeus in that he disagreed with his brother’s intentions to honor Miss Morstan’s share of the treasure—he would have preferred them to greedily keep it for themselves.

Captain Morstan was an officer in the British army who served in India. He is Mary Morstan’s father, and his unexplained disappearance is the catalyst for the novella’s plot. He was friends with Major Sholto and had agreed with him to facilitate Jonathan Small’s escape from the Andaman Islands penal colony—where he and Sholto were working—in exchange for a share of the Agra treasure. Sholto deceives him and takes the treasure for himself. According to Thaddeus Sholto—which in turn is according to Major Sholto—Captain Morstan died from a heart attack during an argument with Sholto. Sholto then hid his body to avoid suspicion and the detection of the treasure.

Major Sholto is the father of Bartholomew and Thaddeus Sholto and was a friend to Captain Morstan, with whom he served in India. Jonathan Small relates how he brought Sholto into the Agra treasure scheme, hoping to secure his release from the Andaman Islands penal colony where Sholto was an authority figure. Sholto, suffering from gambling debts, double-crossed Small and Captain Morstan and took the treasure for himself. On his deathbed, he had a slight change of heart and instructed his sons to share the treasure with Miss Morstan—but he died before revealing the treasure’s location after seeing the face of Jonathan Small at the window.

McMurdo is the doorman at Pondicherry Lodge, the Sholto family home. When Sherlock Holmes, Dr. Watson, Miss Morstan and Thaddeus Sholto arrive, he is unwilling to let anyone but Thaddeus into the house (under orders from Bartholomew Sholto). However, his attitude soon softens when Holmes realizes that the two have met before in an amateur boxing match.

Abdullah Khan is an Indian man and one of the signatories of “the sign of the four” and the man who told Jonathan Small about the Agra treasure. The plan to kill the merchant carrying the treasure was mostly Abdullah’s idea, but he was imprisoned for the murder before he could enjoy his riches.

Mrs. Forrester

Mrs. Forrester employs Miss Morstan as a governess, but the relationship between the two women is more like that of close friends than employer and employee. Dr. Watson visits her home to give the two women information about the case and remarks upon its sanctuary-like qualities.

Mordecai Smith

Mordecai Smith is the proprietor of the Aurora boat and is portrayed as a common, working-class man. He agrees to help Jonathan Small and Tonga escape but is apprehended when Sherlock Holmes and his entourage run the boat aground.

Mrs. Hudson

Mrs. Hudson is the landlady and housekeeper at 221b Baker Street, the famous London address of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson. She shows concern for Holmes when he grows increasingly agitated at the irresolution of the case.

Mrs. Bernstone

Mrs. Bernstone is the housekeeper and Pondicherry Lodge, the family of the Sholtos. When Sherlock Holmes, Dr. Watson, Miss Morstan and Thaddeus Sholto go to Pondicherry Lodge, they encounter a distressed Mrs. Bernstone who is worried that Bartholomew Sholto has not been out of his room all day.

Mahomet Singh

Mahomet Singh is an Indian man and one of the signatories of “the sign of the four.” He colluded with Jonathan Small, Abdullah Khan and Dost Akbar to seize the Agra treasure.

Dost Akbar

Dost Akbar is an Indian man and one of the signatories of “the sign of the four.” He lures the merchant—the man who is carrying the Agra treasure—into the trap set by the other men.

Character Analysis - Around the world in 80 days

Phileas Fogg

Phileas Fogg is meticulously precise about every aspect of his life. His brain functions like a clock. He keeps his past and present life so private his heart is a safety deposit box, and he has the only key. A painstakingly fastidious man, his daily schedule is planned down to the number of steps he takes between his home and the gentleman's club where he spends the majority of his waking hours. One evening at the Reform Club during a conversation about a recent robbery at the Bank of England, Phileas Fogg and his fellow card players get into a discussion that leads Fogg to bet he can travel the world in 80 days. His skeptical acquaintances take him up on the £20,000 wager. He tells them he will succeed, using mathematical precision: The bet will begin at 8:45 p.m. that very same evening. Using every type of transportation available in the year 1872, Phileas Fogg and his trusty new valet, Passepartout, travel around the globe, revealing just what sort of man Phileas Fogg really is: a caring, compassionate hero who places friendship and duty over money and winning.

Passepartout

Frenchman Jean Passepartout reveals a personality diametrically opposite his employer, Phileas Fogg. Although Passepartout's deportment fits the wealthy Englishman's expectations for a manservant, he is not emotionally frozen like his boss. Passion rules his personality. His gregarious tendency to talk with strangers adds to an escalating tension with a police detective, Mr. Fix, who follows Passepartout and Phileas Fogg around the globe. Passepartout laughs joyfully when riding on an elephant and sobs when he thinks his actions have destroyed Phileas Fogg financially. His escapades—with Hindu priests, as an acrobat in a circus in Japan, as a gymnast clambering up and down masts during a typhoon—serve as comic relief. However, Passepartout's loyalty and devotion to Phileas Fogg is serious and absolute.

Fix

Detective Fix, obsessed with his suspect, Phileas Fogg, resembles a horse wearing blinders. Once Fix makes up his mind Fogg is the Bank of England robber, nothing can change his mind, not even the generosity, kindness, or heroism of Phileas Fogg himself. If Fix can nab the criminal, he will be rewarded £2,000 and 5% of what's left of the stolen money. Fix allows the money to mesmerize him to the point where he misinterprets everything that happens in his long journey following Phileas Fogg around the world, which almost costs Fogg everything he has. A devious man, Fix teeters on the line between what is moral and immoral and almost becomes a criminal himself. In the end, Fix is forgiven for doing his duty even if he has gone to extremes.

Mrs. Aouda

Mrs. Aouda, a charming young woman, is destined to burn to death on a funeral pyre beside her deceased rajah husband before Phileas Fogg, Passepartout, Sir Cromarty, and a Parsee elephant driver execute a daring and dangerous plan to rescue her. Mrs. Aouda, the only female in the story, is adventurous, tough, and brave as she journeys around the world with Phileas Fogg. Her gratitude turns into love for the man who rescues her, and she thaws his emotionally frozen heart.

The Reform Club Members

The group of men with whom Phileas Fogg spends his days at the club. They mostly play whist, a card game of risk and chance. The members include Andrew Stuart, an engineer; bankers John Sullivan and Samuel Fallentin; Thomas Flanagan, a beer brewer; and Gautier Ralph, the director of the Bank of England. They are convinced Fogg will lose his bet with them to circle the world in eighty days.

Sir Francis Cromarty

An English army officer stationed in India. He knows India well and is able to guide Fogg and his party through the particular terrain and customs of India. Fogg meets Cromarty on the train from Bombay to Calcutta, where they play whist, Fogg’s favorite game.

The Long Noses

A group of circus performers Passepartout joins in Japan on their last performance before leaving for America. Passepartout performs with them to make money for food.

Colonel Stamp Proctor

A rugged American man Fogg and his group meet at a political rally in San Francisco. Colonel Proctor is a tall, broad-shouldered, and rough-mannered man. He deeply offends Fogg and Fix when he punches Fix at the rally. Colonel Proctor challenges Fogg to a duel when they meet again on a train.

Camerfield and Mandiboy

Two candidates for the justice of the peace position in San Francisco. A rally forms in San Francisco over their race, which quickly turns into a brawl.

Elder Hitch

A Mormon who preaches aboard trains to attract followers. He corners Passepartout in a train car in Utah to ask him to join his religion.

Mudge

An American sledge driver who agrees to take Fogg and his party to Omaha in exchange for a reward.

Andrew Speedy

Captain of a ship called the Henrietta. He never carries passengers and sternly denies Fogg’s request to take him and his group across the Atlantic. He tells Fogg, “Money means nothing to me,” but then he relents when Fogg offers to pay him a large sum.

James Foster

Fogg’s previous servant, who is fired for bringing Fogg shaving water that is two degrees too cold.

Lord Albemarle

The only man who bets on Fogg, even after Fogg is accused of robbery.

James Strand

The man who actually committed the robbery at the bank, the crime for which Fogg is blamed. Strand is caught by the end of the story, and his capture exonerates Fogg’s name.

Around the world in 80 days

Around the World in Eighty Days is an adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, published in 1873 and took place in the same year. In the story, Phileas Fogg of London and his French servant Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a 20,000 pound wager set by his friends at the Reform Club, a place where Phileas Fogg visits to converse with his friends. This novel is one of Verne's most renown books.

The story starts in London on Tuesday, October 1, 1872. Phileas Fogg is a rich British man who lives alone in a large and extravagant house. Fogg lives a very simple life that is charcterized by extreme organization. Very little can be said about his social life other than that he is a member of the Reform Club. He dismissed his former butler, James Forster, for bringing him shaving water at 84 F instead of 86 F. Fogg then hires a man named of Jean Passepartout as a replacement.

At the Reform Club, Fogg gets involved in an argument over an article in The Daily Telegraph stating that the opening of a new railway section in India, makes it possible to travel around the world in 80 days. He accepts a wager for 20,000 pounds from some of his club members, which he will receive if he makes it around the world in 80 days. Accompanied by Passepartout, he leaves London by train at 8:45 P.M. on Wednesday, October 2, 1872, and needs to be back at the Reform Club at the same time 80 days later, Saturday, December 21, 1872 to win the bet.

Fogg and Passepartout reach Suez in time. While leaving Egypt, they are followed by a detective named Fix, who has been hired by a London detective agency to find a suspected bank robber. Fogg matches the description of the robber so Fix mistakes Fogg for the criminal. Since he cannot secure a warrant in time, Fix boards the Mogolia with Fogg. Fix becomes firends with Passepartout without revealing that he is a detective searching for Fogg. Fogg promises the ship captain a large reward if he gets them to Bombay early. As a result, they arrive in India two days ahead of what was scheduled.

After reaching India they take a train from Bombay to Calcutta. Fogg learns that the Daily Telegraph article was wrong and the railroad ends at Kholby. Fogg buys an elephant and hires a guide. Fogg and his companion come across a ritual in which an Indian woman, Aouda, is going to be sacrificed by Brahmins. Since Aouda is drugged with opium and hemp the men decide to rescue her. Passepartout takes the place of Aouda's dead husband on the funeral pyre where she is going to be burned. During the ceremony he rises from the pyre, scaring off the priests allowing them to take Aouda.

At Calcutta, they board the Rangoon going to Hong Kong. Fix arrests Fogg but he pays bail. He boards the steamer with Fogg again. In Hong Kong, it turns out that Aouda's distant relative no longer lives in China so Fogg decides to continue his jouney with her. Passepartout becomes convinced that Fix is a spy from the Reform Club. Fix tells Passepartout his real purpose, but Passepartout does not believe a word and remains convinced that his master is not a bank robber. To prevent Passepartout from informing his master about the Carnatic leaving early, Fix gets Passepartout unconcious in an opium den. Paaseparout is still able to board the steamer, however he is not able to inform his master.

Fogg discovers that he missed the steamer so he finds a boat called the Tankadere, that takes him and Aouda to Shanghai, where they catch a steamer to Yokohama. In Yokohama, they search for Passepartout, believing that he went there on the Carnatic. They find him in a circus where he is trying to make money in order to fly back to London. Together, they then board a boat called the General Grant that agrees to take them across the Pacific Ocean to San Francisco. Fix promises Passepartout that now, having left British soil, he will support him in getting back to Britain to minimize the amount money that Fogg could spend that he, in Fix's eyes, supposedly stole.

In San Francisco they board a transcontinental train to New York, in whcih they encounter many problems such as a herd of bison, a failing bridge, and the train being attacked by Sioux warriors. Passepartout is kidnapped by the Indians, but Fogg rescues him after American soldiers volunteer to help. They continue by a wind powered sledge to Omaha, where they board a train to New York. In New York, having missed their ship, the China, Fogg starts looking for an alternative to cross the Atlantic Ocean. He finds a steamboat, the Henrietta, that will go to Bordeaux, France. The captain of the boat refuses to take them to Liverpool. He then bribes the crew to mutiny to the boat's destination to Liverpool against the captain's wishes. Against hurricane winds and going on full power, the boat runs out of fuel after a few days. Fogg buys the boat from the captain and has the crew burn all the wooden parts to keep up the steam.

Small towns and rivers

The poem ‘Small Towns and Rivers’ written by Mamang Dai is a beautiful word-picture. It is also a lament of the poet about her beautiful native land of Arunachal Pradesh. This theme shows in the way she begins the poem that small towns remind her of death. It is shocking. She implies the town is unchanging in all weathers, but development comes along and changes everything. There is irony in that the cycle of life and death shows that life is not permanent, but the rituals are permanent. She uses metaphor that the rivers are not only alive like us humans, but actually immortal. She personifies the river by way the river ‘holds its breath’ because it is choking. It is flowing in search of a place where it will flow clean and clear. The poet uses metaphor of the water cycle to illustrate the river has a soul and its waters are immortal. The poet builds a climax with ‘shrine of happy’ childhood memories. This becomes growing up -‘grow with anxiety’. Then she speaks of how the dead are placed pointing west so the soul can ascend directly into the sun’s golden home in the east. This tells us about the traditions of her region. The poem is in free verse and seems to be in easy language, but we can understand the full depth of meaning only after reading it more than once. The poem is a lament about the destruction of nature for development. We all will feel the sorrow of the poet when we read about how nature’s beauty is damaged for man’s greed called ‘progress’