How to Write a Summary

 

Proficient students understand that summarizing, identifying what is most important and restating the text (or other media) in your own words, is an important tool for college success.

After all, if you really know a subject, you will be able to summarize it. If you cannot summarize a subject, even if you have memorized all the facts about it, you can be absolutely sure that you have not learned it. And, if you truly learn the subject, you will still be able to summarize it months or years from now.

Proficient students may monitor their understanding of a text by summarizing as they read. They understand that if they can write a one- or two-sentence summary of each paragraph after reading it, then that is a good sign that they have correctly understood it. If they can not summarize the main idea of the paragraph, they know that comprehension has broken down and they need to use fix-up strategies to repair understanding.

Summary Writing Format

When writing a summary, remember that it should be in the form of a paragraph.

A summary begins with an introductory sentence that states the text’s title, author and main point of the text as you see it.

A summary is written in your own words.

A summary contains only the ideas of the original text. Do not insert any of your own opinions, interpretations, deductions or comments into a summary.

Identify in order the significant sub-claims the author uses to defend the main point.

Copy word-for-word three separate passages from the essay that you think support and/or defend the main point of the essay as you see it.

Cite each passage by first signaling the work and the author, put “quotation marks” around the passage you chose, and put the number of the paragraph where the passages can be found immediately after the passage.

Using source material from the essay is important. Why? Because defending claims with source material is what you will be asked to do when writing papers for your college professors.

Write a last sentence that “wraps” up your summary; often a simple rephrasing of the main point.

Example Summary Writing Format

In the essay Santa Ana, author Joan Didion’s main point is (state main point). According to Didion “…passage 1…” (para.3). Didion also writes “…passage 2…” (para.8). Finally, she states “…passage 3…” (para. 12) Write a last sentence that “wraps” up your summary; often a simple rephrasing of the main point.

There is Another Sky

 

There is Another Sky

Explanation

Line 1-4

There is another sky,

Ever serene and fair,

And there is another sunshine,

Though it be darkness there;

In the first four lines of ‘There is another sky,’ the speaker suggests that there is “another sky” in addition to the sky that the listener is already familiar with. Under this sky, everything is serene and fair.

Another sunshine even though it’s darkness there. While writing, she can create her world where everything stays as she originally depicted it and is not subject to the ravages (damages and destructions) of time.

Line 5-8

Never mind faded forests, Austin,

Never mind silent fields -

Here is a little forest,

Whose leaf is ever green;1¹

In the next four lines, she addresses her brother, Austin. She asks him to ignore the faded forests and the silent fields of the physical world. Rather, he should come to the little forest that she has created under the new sky. There, the leaf is evergreen. This is an indication that life is endless in this other world, nothing can touch it. This is emphasized further in the next paragraph.

Line 9-14

Here is a brighter garden,

Where not a frost has been;

In its unfading flowers

I hear the bright bee hum:

Prithee, my brother,

Into my garden come!

The speaker continues to describe her garden in these lines, she uses the word brighter to compare the world she has created to the one that everyone lives in physically. It is a place where there never has been, nor will there be a frost.

The flowers are unfading they live forever without ever losing their beauty. There are other forms of life as well, such as the bright bee.

The poet asks her brother Austin and calls her by his nickname “Prithee”, to come to her garden. There he won’t have to be concerned with the dangers of the real world that is aging, or change.

Conclusion

The poem ends with “Into my garden come!” sending out an invitation to her brother and reminding him that their home will always be his home. It is an invitation sent to her brother, Austin, to come back home.

Critical Appreciation

⁸89

About the Poem, Poet and Title :- 

The name of the poem is “There is another sky”. It is written by a famous American poetess Emily Dickinson. Her poems are very motivational and highly philosophical about life. Her poems are characterized by simple and short lines.

The poem is highly motivational and philosophical about life. In the poem, the poet is communicating with her brother Austin and pleads with him come to home back. She encourages her brother that there are always other opportunities, options, places, and choices in your life so; don’t be get depressed in your life if you face any difficulties or failures. She pleads to return home. Here are so many things to do in your life. There is another sky the title of the poem is a metaphor itself. The sky is indirectly compared with choices, opportunities, places, etc. it means in our life there are always other (second) options to do.

Theme / Summary / Gist of the Poem : -

There is another Sky is an inspirational poem. Poet motivates her brother to not get depressed under any worst situation because there is always another option in your life, there is another opportunity to take, there is another place to go where you feel the peaceful and fair atmosphere ever. Poet suggests that always be optimistic in our lives.

Poetic Style / Language, Poetic devices :-

It is a Petrarchan sonnet that consists of fourteen lines with octave and sestet. The language of the poem is simple and short. It has only two stanzas, the first stanza consists of eight lines and the second stanza consists of six lines. In the poem, the poet has used a number of devices to express her inner feelings as well as poetic effects with Alliteration, metaphor, personification, antithesis, onomatopoeia, hyperbole, inversion, etc.

Message / values / Morals of the Poem : –

The poem has an optimistic tone. Poet suggests that always be optimistic in life. Life is full of challenges; one should face the challenges with a positive attitude. Don’t be upset or regret under any worst situation, there is another good option to choose, there is another opportunity in your life and there is another sky.

Your opinion about the poem: -

I am really impressed and inspired by reading this poem. I understood the importance of life and always being optimistic in our life, whether any difficulty, problem, or worst situation will come in our life do not get depressed, upset, or regret. We should live in hopefulness that there is another opportunity, choice, or place in our life. There is another sky in our life.

Global Understanding

What are the sad and gloomy aspects of life in the poem?

Faded forests, silent fields,darkness

The poet is addressing to whom?

Her younger brother named Austin.

Vocabulary/Poetic Devices

Write the antonyms of the following words.

Turbulent – serene

Bright – faded

 

Give a pair of rhyming words from the poem.

Fair-there

 

Write down the similar meaning proverbs :

Every cloud has a silver lining.

Ans.  All’s well that ends well.

He who falls today may rise tomorrow.

Blessings in disguise.

​

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Interpretation/Analysis

Make a list of expressions in the poem that mean encouragement.

Brighter garden, not a frost has been, bright bee hum, unfading flowers.

 

Use the following words to make meaningful sentences.

1. Unfading  2. Prithee

 

Personal Opinion

Suggest some ways that will help your younger sibling to concentrate on his/her studies and overcome his/her bad habit of wasting time playing games on her cell phone.

Ans. Some ways to help concentrate on studies and overcome bad habits.

Make a time schedule for studying, for how many hours you will study in a day and what will be those study hours

While studying make sure you will not touch your mobile phone, keep it away. It is a big distraction.

Take a break of 10-15 minutes in between long study hours or it will be tiring and monotonous.

Resolute in your mind that you will complete a particular topic on that very day and will not keep it for the next day.

“There is Another Sky”

 “There is Another Sky” is a sonnet that illustrates the beauty of nature itself. The poem was written in conjunction with a letter the writer sent to her brother pleading him to come back home. She would give anything for him to come back.

The lines are short, only 3 to 5 metric feet, and with Dickinson’s characteristic slant rhyme, the rhyme scheme is rough, ABCBCDECFCGHIH. This innovative sonnet sections itself into two quatrains and a sestet, making it a gentle melding of the English and Italian sonnets.

In the first four lines of ‘There is another sky,’ the speaker begins by making use of the line that later came to be used as the title. Dickinson’s poetry more often than not went without titles. They are usually known by the first line or by a number. The speaker suggests that there is “another sky” in addition to the sky that the listener is already familiar with. Under this sky, everything is serene and fair.

Another sunshine even though it’s darkness there. While it is not entirely clear at this point what these lines refer to, as the speaker progresses it becomes clear that she is describing her writing through an elaborate metaphysical conceit. While writing, she can create her world where everything stays as she originally depicted it and is not subject to the ravages of time.

In the next four lines, she addresses her brother, Austin. She asks this man to ignore the faded forests and the silent fields of the physical world. Rather, he should come to the little forest that she has created under the new sky. There, the leaf is evergreen. This is an indication that life is endless in this other world, nothing can touch it. This is emphasized further in the next paragraph.

The speaker continues to describe her garden in these lines, she uses the word brighter to compare the world she has created to the one that everyone lives in physically. It is a place where there never has been, nor will there be a frost. This is an allusion to death, change, and anything negative that in the real world is a true risk.

The flowers are unfading they live forever without ever losing their beauty. There are other forms of life as well, such as the bright bee. These warm and bright images are concluded with the final couplet, or set of two lines at the end of a Shakespearean sonnet.

The poet asks her brother Austin and calls her by his nickname “Prithee”, to come to her garden. There he won’t have to be concerned with the dangers of the real world that is aging, or change.

Conclusion

The poem ends with “Into my garden come!” sending out an invitation to her brother and reminding him that their home will always be his home. However, the nature of the poem allows it to be interpreted in another manner where Emily is describing herself to her brother. But, regardless of interpretation, it is still an invitation sent to her brother, Austin, to come back home.

There is Another Sky

 

The title ‘There is another sky’ is the very first line of this piece. It is a reference to the sky of an imaginative world, a metaphorical reference to her poetry. Besides, the term “another” adds an out-worldly effect to this poem. It seems as if the poet is talking about a world that does not have a physical existence. Readers are aware of the world in which everyone lives. So, through the title, Dickinson refers to her poetry and compares it to an evergreen garden. She requests her brother Austin to come there and spend a few happy moments together.

Structure

Dickinson’s ‘There is another sky’ is a fourteen-line sonnet that is contained within a single stanza of text. These lines do not follow either of the two most famous sonnet rhyme schemes, those belonging to the Shakespearean sonnet and the Petrarchan sonnet. Rather, Dickinson uses a combination of half-rhymes and perfect rhymes in order to create a feeling of rhyme that runs throughout the text. They follow a loose pattern ABCBCDECFCGHIH. In regards to meter, the lines are closely related, with three to five metrical feet per line. 

There is Another Sky is a poem sent by the poet, Emily Dickinson, along with a letter to her brother,Austin,who was staying away from home. He might have faced some sadness or confusion and was unable to handle it alone. So, Emily's poem was intended to support him by presenting a brighter side of life. This poem is a sonnet comprising of two stanzas, one of eight lines called octave and another of six lines called sestet. In its presentation of nature and its glorification of the beauties of nature it resembles Shakespearean Sonnets. The tone of the poem is very encouraging as the poet compares two places, there and here and suggests her brother to shift from 'there' to here' to get solace. According to the poet, there' it might the darkness and gloom all around since that is the worldly place. She invites her brother to come 'here' which is a heavenly place with evergreen forests, unfading flowers and humming bees. There is positivity everywhere and that can easily help the brother to come out of the miseries he is troubled with. This ever-lasting appeal of the heavenly place that is, one's own home, gives the poem a hymn-like quality Emily Dickinson deliberately creates an image of a warm and peaceful garden in the second stanza, where there is no existence of forest that represents darkness and pain. This is to convince her brother the possible solution of his suffering and it is not difficult to achieve if he comes back from Boston to Amherst, their hometown, where they have spent a lot of happy times together At the end, she requested her brother to come back to her garden' of bliss. With short lines, bright images, she presented an ideal world where everything appeared favourable. There lied the appeal of the poem which could boost the morale of a person, by circumstances. Sad moments might happen in life, but remedies for them did exist. Emily, the loving sister, wanted to make her brother realise that with the help of this toshort hut beautiful poem, having an inspiring and hopeful tone. She invites her brother to come to her garden and that is a clear hint that this world she creates in her imagination.

Dickinson makes use of several poetic techniques in ‘There is another sky’. These include but are not limited to alliteration, enjambment, and metaphor.

Metaphor: The latter is the most important technique at work. It is seen throughout the entire poem. Dickinson constructed it as one long extended metaphor that compares her writing, and the world she creates with her pen, to a garden.

Metonymy: The “unfading flowers” are a metonym (or symbol) of an allusion to the way that time has no power over her written creations. 

Alliteration: occurs when words are used in succession, or at least appear close together, and begin with the same sound. For example, “faded forests” and “fields” in lines five and six.

Enjambment: Another important technique commonly used in poetry is enjambment. It occurs when a line is cut off before its natural stopping point. Enjambment forces a reader down to the next line, and the next, quickly. One has to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence; For example, the transition between lines eleven and twelve: “In its unfading flowers/ I hear the bright bee hum”.

In the first four lines of ‘There is another sky,’ the speaker begins by making use of the line that later came to be used as the title. Dickinson’s poetry more often than not went without titles. They are usually known by the first line or by a number. The speaker suggests that there is “another sky” in addition to the sky that the listener is already familiar with. Under this sky, everything is “serene and fair”. Another sun shines there despite the fact that it’s “darkness there”. 

While it is not entirely clear at this point what these lines refer to, as the speaker progresses it becomes clear that she is describing her writing through an elaborate metaphysical conceit. While writing, she is able to create her own world where everything stays as she originally depicted it and is not subject to the ravages of time.

In the next quatrain, she addresses her brother, Austin. She asks this man to ignore the “faded forests” and the “silent fields” of the physical world. Rather, he should come to the little forest that she has created under the new sky. There, the “leaf is ever green”. This is an allusion to the way that life is sustained in this other world, nothing can touch it. This is emphasized further in the third quatrain.

The speaker continues to describe her garden in the third and final quatrain. In these lines, she uses the word “brighter” to compare the world she has created to the one that everyone lives in physically. It is a place where there never has been, nor will there be, “a frost”. This is an allusion to death, change, and anything negative that in the real world is a true risk.  The flowers are “unfading,” they live forever without ever losing their beauty. There are other forms of life as well, such as the “bright bee”.

These warm and bright images are concluded with the final couplet, or set of two lines at the end of a Shakespearean sonnet. They ask Austin, the poet’s brother, to again “come” to her garden. There, within her writing, he won’t have to be concerned with the dangers of the real world, aging, or change.

Critical Appreciation

Dickinson’s ‘There is another sky’ is a sonnet that taps on to several interpretations. Firstly, the tone of the poem guides readers to imagine a fairy-tale-like world. One has to imagine this place as it does not have any physical existence. The poet welcomes her brother to that place. Besides, to look at this poem from a different perspective one has to focus on the theme, timelessness of poetry. Through this poem, the poet metaphorically compares her literary world to an evergreen garden. So, the poem is in the form of a request to her brother to dive into her creation. Besides, the description of the garden is an allusion to the “Garden of Eden”, a biblical paradise described in Genesis 2-3.

Historical Context

The poem ‘There is another sky’ was first published in “Poems by Emily Dickinson, First Series”. It came to print in November 1890. This poem belongs to the pre-1861 writings of Dickinson. During that period, she mostly wrote on sentimental themes. Two of her earlier poetry are conventional lyrics and one is addressed to Austin. In this poem, she misses her brother and prays him to return to her. She refers to a metaphorical garden of which her brother is also aware. This poem also contains some Christian symbols that hint at the poet’s religious belief.

Verbs

 

Verbs Referring to Actions

Verbs referring to action (action verbs) are those that involve the movement of one’s body in one way or the other. Some examples of verbs referring to actions are as follows:

• Walk
• Run
• Talk
• Sit
• Read
• Write
• Jog
• Cough
• Sleep
• Jump
• Sing
• Drink
• Teach
• Present
• Build
• Break
• Tow
• Toss
• Hug
• Fight

Verbs Referring to Experiences or Feelings

These are verbs that refer to something that you can feel or experience and do not necessarily involve a movement of any kind. Some examples of verbs referring to feelings and experiences are as follows:

• Love
• Hate
• Envy
• Believe
• Trust
• Feel
• Entrust
• Experience
• Care
• Cherish
• Sense
• Know
• Recognise
• Understand
• Comprehend
• Like
• Need
• Adore
• Loathe
• Appreciate

Verbs Referring to a State or Condition

These verbs are those that refer to situations or the state of being. All forms of ‘to be’ verbs belong to this category. Some examples of verbs referring to a state or condition are as follows:

• Am
• Is
• Are
• Was
• Were
• Have
• Has
• Will be
• Appear
• Seem
• Become
• Been
• Being

The Various Types of Verbs with Examples

Verbs can be classified into numerous types according to their function or role in a sentence or context. Let us look into the various types of verbs and some examples of each type of verb.

Auxiliary Verbs/Helping Verbs

Auxiliary verbs or helping verbs, as the name suggests, is a verb that is used to help another verb sound sensible and meaningful. It is used to change the other verb’s tense, mood or voice. So, every time an auxiliary verb is used, you always have one more verb, which acts as the main verb in a sentence.

Examples of auxiliary verbs are as follows:

• Am
• Is
• Are
• Was
• Were
• Have
• Has
• Do
• Will
• Can

One point you have to take care of when you use auxiliary verbs is that you should conjugate the auxiliary verb correctly according to the tense form of a sentence. Another specific fact about auxiliary verbs is that they can also be used as a main verb. Also, there are verbs called modal verbs that can be used as a helping verb.

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are those verbs that are used to denote the possibility, probability, capability or necessity of something happening. Modal verbs, unlike other auxiliary verbs, cannot be used as a main verb in a sentence.

Examples of modal verbs are as follows:

• Can
• Could
• Will
• Would
• May
• Might
• Should
• Must
• Ought to

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs include phrases that are formed by combining two or more parts of speech that performs the same function as a verb in a sentence. In most cases, a phrasal verb results from a combination of a verb and a preposition.

Some examples of phrasal verbs are as follows:

• Go by
• Lay off
• Log in
• Get off
• Run out
• Go all out
• Think through
• Fed up
• Taken aback
• Act on
• Back away
• Back up
• Look up
• Mix up
• Opt out
• Pop in

Check out the list of phrasal verbs and exercise on phrasal verbs.

Linking Verbs

A linking verb, just like the name suggests, is a type of verb that is used to link the subjects in a sentence to the other parts of the sentence so that it is meaningful. It connects the subject to the object, an adjective and even a prepositional phrase. All ‘to be’ forms of verbs and verbs like ‘seem’ and ‘become’ can act as linking verbs.

Have a look at the following examples to understand how verbs perform the role of a linking verb in sentences.

Example 1: Connecting Nouns to Other Nouns in a Sentence

Danny is my brother.

In the above example, the verb ‘is’ is used to connect the subject ‘Danny’ as the ‘brother’ of the speaker. In this sentence, the words ‘Danny’ and ‘brother’ are used to refer to the same person.

Example 2: Connecting a Noun to a Prepositional Phrase in a Sentence

The children were in the park.

In Example 2, the verb ‘were’ is used to connect the subject ‘the children’ to the prepositional phrase ‘in the park’.

Example 3: Connecting a Noun/Subject to an Adjective

Your presentation of the life cycle of the silkworm was excellent.

In the above example, the verb ‘was’ is used to link the subject ‘Your presentation of the life cycle of a silkworm’ to the adjective ‘excellent’.

Example 4: Connecting the Subject/Noun to the Predicate using Seem/Become

This book on a treasure hunt seems interesting.

In this sentence, the subject ‘This book on a treasure hunt’ is connected to the adjective ‘interesting’ with the linking verb ‘seem’.

The students became bored after two continuous hours of classes and were not ready to take another hour of class without a break in between.

In the above sentence, the subject ‘The students’ has been linked to the rest of the sentence with the linking verb ‘became’.

Different Categories of Verbs

Verbs can be divided into different categories according to their behaviour when used in a context. Let us look at the categories explained below.

Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs

As you can see, verbs are used to denote actions, and they can be used in different forms to indicate when the subject in a sentence is carrying out an action. A regular verb can be conjugated to show if the action takes place in the past or if the action is taking place continuously.

In most cases, the past form of the verb is formed by adding an ‘ed’ to the root verb for regular verbs. On the other hand, there are other verbs that do not follow this rule. They are called irregular verbs. These verbs have their own unique forms. If you are wondering how to learn these irregular verbs, read the article on irregular verbs to find out how.

Have a look at the examples given below.

• Dileep searched for his white shirt in his cupboard, but he did not find it. (Root verb – search)
• Did you find the book you were looking for?

In the above examples, the verb ‘searched’ is the past form of the regular verb ‘search’ by adding an ‘ed’ and the verb form ‘looking’ indicates the continuous form of the regular verb ‘look’ by adding an ‘ing’ to the end of the root verb.

• Selena read the book on the evolution of life on earth.
• Vineeth found the keys that went missing yesterday.

In the above examples, the verb ‘read’ stays the same in the past form and when used as a past participle. ‘Found’ is the past form of the root verb ‘find’.

Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs

Transitive and intransitive forms of verbs are used to denote how a verb acts when used with a direct object and an indirect object. Let us look at a few examples.

• Vincent gave a box of chocolates to his brother. (Indirect object – his brother, Direct object – a box of chocolates)
• Garry passed the water bottle to Kevin, who was sitting in the first row. (Indirect object – Kevin, Direct object – the water bottle)
• The little girl ran around the park for two hours.
• Francey walked to school every day.
• My mom cleaned the house today. (Direct object – the house)
• Seena did not like the movie. (Direct object – the movie)

In the above examples, the verbs ‘gave’ and ‘passed’ in the first two sentences are seen to take a direct object and an indirect object, whereas the verbs ‘ran’ and ‘walked’ take no object at all. In the last two sentences, the verbs ‘cleaned’ and ‘did not like’ take a direct object and no indirect object.

Verbs that take a direct object alone are called transitive verbs, and those verbs that do not take either a direct object or an indirect object are called intransitive verbs. There is yet another category of verbs that take both the direct object and the indirect object, and they are called ditransitive verbs.

Verb Forms

A verb is used in different ways to indicate the time in which the subject is performing an action. There are various verb forms that are used to do the same. Let us look at the different verb forms explained below.

Root Verb

The raw or original form of the verb, how it originally exists in the English language, without any inflexions or conjugations, is called the root verb.

Some examples of root verbs are as follows:

• Eat
• Sit
• Stir
• Type
• Read
• Fry
• Tick
• Shift
• Trick
• Sing

Simple Present – Third Person Singular

The third person singular form of the verb in the present tense is mostly the verb in the singular form. When using the third person singular pronouns such as he, she and it, and the nouns that can be substituted by the third person singular pronouns, the verb is singular (mostly done just by adding an ‘s’ to the root verb) so that it agrees with the subject in the sentence.

For example:

Kenny likes to have mangoes after every meal. (The noun ‘Kenny’ can be substituted with the third person singular pronoun ‘he’)

The cat chases every rat it catches sight of. (The noun ‘The cat’ can be substituted with the third person singular pronoun ‘it’)

She hates going to work on Saturdays and Mondays.

Present Participle

The present participle is used in the continuous form of tenses to indicate an action that is continuing or in progress at that particular moment or sometime in the past or in the future. These words are formed just by adding an ‘ing’ to the root verb. For verbs ending with an ‘e’, in most cases, the present participle is formed by removing the ‘e’ and then adding ‘ing’ to the remaining portion of the verb.

For example:

Jhanvi is watching a movie along with her cousin. (Present Continuous Tense)

My mother is baking cakes (Present Continuous Tense)

All my brothers were playing dodgeball in the evening. (Past Continuous Tense)

Simple Past

There is a change in the spelling of the root verb when it is used to indicate the simple past tense form of the verb. There is no one rule to write a verb in the simple past tense; it changes for each verb – some verbs like ‘give’ and ‘bring’ take a different spelling, and some verbs like ‘cut’ and ‘put’ remain the same when used in the past tense. However, most verbs can be made into the past tense by adding an ‘ed’ at the end of the root verb.

For example:

• The doctor asked me to take tablets for ten days. (The rook verb here is ‘ask’)
• Nelson bought the car he checked out last week. (The root verbs here are ‘buy’ and ‘check’)
• The baby drank the milk completely. (The root verb here is ‘drink’)

Past participle

The past participle form of the verb is used to denote the perfect tense forms in a sentence. In some cases, the past tense and the past participle remain the same, but there are a number of verbs that have different spellings when used as a simple past tense verb and a past participle.

For example:

• I have searched the entire loft for that box, but I did not find it. (The root verb here is ‘search’, ‘have searched’ is the verb in the sentence that indicates the perfect tense and ‘searched’ is the past participle)
• Dylan had read the book already.

In the above example, the root verb here is ‘read’, ‘have read’ is the verb in the sentence that indicates the perfect tense and ‘read’ is the past participle. In this case, all forms of the verb take the same spelling but have a different pronunciation.

Gerunds

Any verb can be transformed into a gerund by adding ‘ing’ to the root verb. Gerunds, when it stands by themselves, can be used as nouns. A gerund can be used as a verb when used with an auxiliary verb to indicate an action that is continuing at a particular period of time.

For example:

• He is eating an apple.
• Joy will be coming home next week.
• Walking every day is good exercise.
• Drinking and driving is dangerous.

Infinitives

Infinitives, like gerunds, can be used to turn verbs into nouns by adding a preposition ‘to’ in front of the root verb.

For example:

• Would you like to have something?
• I like to dance in my free time.
• I am going to talk to my friend.

Active Voice and Passive Voice

According to the position of the subject and object in a sentence, the voice of the verb can be determined. A sentence in which the subject does the action is called the active voice, and a sentence in which the indirect object or the direct object is switched to make it the subject is called the passive voice.

For example:

• Active Voice – The doctor checked the patient.
• Passive Voice – The patient was checked by the doctor.

Conjugating Verbs in the English Language – Tense Forms

Verbs can be conjugated to denote the tense you need. There are four tense forms, namely the simple tense, the continuous tense, the perfect tense and the perfect continuous tense. These tense forms are used to represent three time periods such as the present, past and future, thereby forming twelve main tense forms in total.

History of Novel

Contents  

1 How activities will come, on section 4.1 History of Novel:

1.1 A.1. choose the correct alternative and rewrite the sentence:

1.2 A.2 Pick out the odd element from the following:

1.3 A.3 Identifies whether the following statements are true or false.

1.4 A. 4 Fill in the blanks

1.5 A.5 Match the pairs:

1.6 Related

How activities will come, on section 4.1 History of Novel:

It’s more important to learn about how activities (Question& answers) will come to solve in section 4.1 History of Novel. On 4.1 History of Novel the activities will be as follows:

1. Activities on History of Novel – 2 marks

2. Activities on History of Novel – 2 marks

(Activities should be framed on MCQ/ Match the column/ Chronological order/ Fill in the blanks/True false/ Elements of Novel OR any other novel activities

(Activities should not be repeated in sub-questions)

Activities 

A.1. choose the correct alternative and rewrite the sentence:

The eighteenth century has gifted English literature with two entirely new forms………

a)Drama and poetry, b) novel and drama, c) The periodical essay and Novel, d) poetry  and the periodical essay

Ans. c) The periodical essay and Novel

The present English ward Novel is derived from…..

a) Spanish, b) Irish, c) French, d) Italian 

Ans. D) Italian

The novel makes life easier to understand than in……

a) Poetry, b) drama, c) both poetry and drama, d) one-act play

Ans.c) both poetry and drama 

The novel as a literary genre has a history of about ………

a) One thousand years, b) Two thousand years, c) Three thousand years, d) Four thousand years

Ans.b) Two thousand years

Murasaki Shikibu’s ‘Tale of Genji’ has been described as ………

a) The world’s first novel, b) The world’s second novel, c) The world’s third novel, d) The world’s fourth novel

Ans,b)The world’s first novel

The European novel is often said to begin with…………

a) Don Quixote, b) Tale of Genji, c) the Canterbury tales, d) Gulliver’s tales 

Ans. a) Don Quixote

The novel ‘Don Quixote’ was published in two parts between ………..

a) 1604 and 1610, b) 1605 and 1615, c) 1605 and 1610, d) 1608 and 1615

Ans. b) 1605 and 1615

In the 18th century, a large number of readers from the middle class were attracted in the appearance of………..

a) Drama and Poetry, b) Poetry and Magazines, c) Newspaper and Magazines, d) Newspaper and Drama 

Ans. c) Newspaper and Magazines

The eighteenth century has gifted English literature with two entirely new forms………

a)Drama and poetry, b) novel and drama, c) The periodical essay and Novel, d) poetry   and the periodical essay

Ans. c) The periodical essay and Novel

The present English ward Novel is derived from…………

a) Spanish, b) Irish, c) French, d) Italian 

Ans. D) Italian

The novel makes life easier to understand than in………..

a) Poetry, b) drama, c) both poetry and drama, d) one-act play

Ans.c) both poetry and drama 

The novel as a literary genre has a history of about …………

a) One thousand years, b) Two thousand years, c) Three thousand years, d) Four thousand years

Ans.b) Two thousand years

Murasaki Shikibu’s ‘Tale of Genji’ has been described as ………….

a) The world’s first novel, b) The world’s second novel, c) The world’s third novel, d) The world’s fourth novel

Ans. b) The world’s first novel

The European novel is often said to begin with…………. 

a) Don Quixote, b) Tale of Genji, c) the Canterbury tales, d) Gulliver’s tales 

Ans. a) Don Quixote

The novel ‘Don Quixote’ was published in two parts between ………..

a) 1604 and 1610, b) 1605 and 1615, c) 1605 and 1610, d) 1608 and 1615

Ans. b) 1605 and 1615

In the 18th century, a large number of readers from the middle class were attracted in the appearance of………..

a) Drama and Poetry, b)Poetry and Magazines, c)Newspaper and Magazines, d) Newspaper and Drama 

Ans. c) Newspaper and Magazines

In the 18th century, the Novel as a form appears to have been designed for both to voice the aspirations of…………..

a)Middle and Lower class, b) upper and lower class, c) middle and upper class, d) only lower class

Ans. a) Middle and Lower class 

The two types of conflicts that the plot may have are…………

a)Internal and opposite, b) internal and external, c) external and outside, d) internal and behavior. 

Ans. b) internal and external

The plot may be…………..

a) Only Simple (one plot), b) only complex, c) simple(one plot) or complex, d) None of the these 

Ans. c) simple (one plot) or complex

A novel based on Science of the age ‘Frankenstein’ by………..

a) Ann Radcliffe, b) Mary Shelley, c) Jane Austen, d) Frances Burney

Ans. b) Mary Shelley

The novel of manners ‘Evelina’ by ………….

a) Ann Radcliffe, b) Mary Shelley, c) Jane Austen, d) Frances Burney

Ans. d) Frances Burney

The word ‘picaresque’ originated from………….

a) Spanish, b) French, c) Greek, d) English

Ans. a) Spanish

The word ‘epistolary’ derives from the…………

a) French, b) Latin, c) Italian, d) Spanish

Ans. b) Latin

A.2 Pick out the odd element from the following:

Arun joshi, Vikram Seth, Graham Green, Kiran Nagarkar

Ans. Graham Green

Place, Period, Theme, Climate, Lifestyle

Ans. Theme

Theme, Plot, Novella, Character

Ans. Novella 

Jane Austen, Mary Shelley, Anita Desai, Frances Burney

Ans. Anita Desai

Anita Desai, Arvind Adiga, Mary Shelley, Kiran Nargrkar

Ans. Mary Shelley

Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan, Raja Rao, Kiran Deasi

Ans. Kiran Desai

E.M. Forster, Joseph Conrad, Virgil, Henry James 

Ans. Virgil

Novelists of the 18th century are Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Lawrence Sterne, George Orwell

Ans. George Orwell

Salman Rushdie, V.S. Naipaul, Kazuo Ishiguro, William Golding

Ans. William Golding

Canterbury Tales, Ecologues, Rajamohan’s Wife, The Pilgrim’s Progress

Ans. Rajamohan’s Wife

A.3 Identifies whether the following statements are true or false.

‘Don Quixote’ has been described as the world’s novel.

Ans. False

‘Tale of Genji’ has been described as the world’s first novel.

Ans. True

The present English word is derived from the Spanish Language.

Ans.False

The present English word is derived from the Italian Language.

Ans.True

The novel Tale of Genji is written by Murasaki Shikibu.

Ans. True

The novel ‘Don Quixote’ is written by Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes.

Ans. True

In the 18th century, the appearance of newspapers and magazines attracted a large number of readers from the Upper Class.

Ans. False

In the 18th century, the appearance of newspapers and magazines attracted a large number of readers from the Middle Class.

Ans. True

There are six elements essential to the novel.

Ans. True

The plot may be only simple (one plot).

Ans. False

The plot may be simple (one plot) or complex.

Ans. True

The readers follow the actions of one main character throughout the novel, it is called the protagonist.

Ans. True

The opposite forces in the story are called ‘conflict’.

Ans. True

The word ‘picaresque’ originated from the Italian word.

Ans. False

The word ‘picaresque’ originated from the Spanish word ‘picaro’.

Ans. True

The word ‘epistolary derives from the Latin word ‘Epistola’.

Ans. True

A realistic novel is a fiction based on realism.

Ans. True 

The setting is the background in which the story takes place.

Ans. True

A. 4 Fill in the blanks

The eighteenth century has gifted two new from………. and …………

a) Drama and poetry, b) novel and drama, c) The periodical essay and Novel, d) poetry and the periodical essay

Ans. c) The periodical essay and Novel

The present English word is derived from…………. meaning………..

a) Spanish, beginning b) Irish, start c) French, middle d) Italian, new 

Ans. d) Italian, new

Murasaki Shikibu’s……………….. has been described as The world’s first novel.

a) ‘Tale of Genji’, b) Don Quixote, c) Seize The Day, d) The Heart of Darkness

Ans. a) ‘Tale of Genji’

The European novel is often said to begin with ……….. by Miguel de Cervantes

a) Don Quixote, b) Tale of Genji, c) the Canterbury tales, d) Gulliver’s tales 

Ans. a) Don Quixote

…………….novel is written by John Bunyan.

a) Tale of Genji, b) Oroonoku, c) The pilgrim’s Progress, d) Don Quixote

Ans. c) The pilgrim’s Progress

A famous satire …………… is written by Jonathan Swift.

a) Tale of Genji, b) Gulliver’s Travels, c) The pilgrim’s Progress, d) Don Quixote

Ans. b) Gulliver’s Travels

The novel of manners ………is written by Frances Burney.

a) Frankenstein, b) the Wuthering Heights, c) Evelina, d) Death of Venice

Ans. c) Evelina

………….. is the pioneer of the Stream of Consciousness technique in the English novel.

a) Virginia Woolf, b) Frances Burney, c) Marry Shelley, d) Joseph Conrad

Ans. a) Virginia Woolf

……………is the first Indian English novel written by Bakim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

a) Rajamohan’s Wife, b) The Guide, c) The pilgrim’s Progress, d) Don Quixote

Ans. a) Rajamohan’s Wife

……..is essentially the story or the course of events that make up the theme. 

a) Setting, b) Plot, c) Conflict, d) Character

Ans. a) Setting

A.5 Match the pairs:

Match the pairs of writers with their work

Column ‘A’ Writers Column ‘B’ Writer’s Work

  1.Murasaki Shikibu a) Gulliver’s Travels

2.Miguel de Cervantes b) Oroonoku  

3.John Bunyan c) Tale of Genji

4.Aphra Behn d) Don Quixote

5.Daniel Defoe e) The pilgrim’s Progress

6.Jonathan Swift  f) Robinson Crusoe/Mall Flanders  

7.Samuel Richardson  g) Frankenstein

8.Frances Burney  h) the Wuthering Heights / Jane Eyre  

9.Marry Shelley  i) Pamela/Clarissa

10.Bronte Sisters Emily & Charlotte j) Evelina

11.Bakim Chandra Chattopadhyaya k) Billy Budd  

12.Joseph Conrad  l) The Turn of the Screw

13. Henry James  m) Rajmohan’s Wife  

 14. Herman Melville n) The Heart of Darkness

15. Thomas Mann o) Pearl

16. Saul Bellow  p) Death of Venice  

17. John Steinbeck  q) Seize The Day

Answers: 1 – b, 2 – d, 3 – e, 4 – b, 5 – f, 6 – a, 7- I, 8 – j, 9 – g, 10 – h, 11- m, 12- n, 13 – l, 14 -k, 15 – p, 16 – q, 17- o.